Le radio del confine orientale
Prima della fine della seconda guerra mondiale la Venezia Giulia comprendeva the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia (Isonzo), Udine (Friuli), Pula (Istria) and Rijeka (Carnaro) and the tiny region included only the province of Dalmatia, Zadar. While
Friuli was already passed to the Kingdom of Italy October 3, 1866 with the Peace of Vienna, following the third war of independence, the other territories of Venezia Giulia and Dalmatia were assigned only after the defeat of Italy 'Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, following the Treaty of Saint-Germain with Austria on 10 September 1919 and with Hungary of Trianon of 4 June 1920 and in fact, limited to Carnaro, only after' initiative by Gabriele d'Annunzio, September 12, 1919 which was busy with his legionaries River (which was formerly part of Hungary) and had established the Italian Regency of Carnaro, and after subsequent agreements with the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now January 6 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia), which led to the Treaty of Rapallo of 12 November 1920 and the Rome Agreement of 27 January 1924.
During the Second World War, the collapse of Yugoslavia, attacked by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy led him to commit the colossal mistake of occupying the southern Slovenia, part of Dalmatia (the other was included in the new puppet state of Croatia) and Montenegro: May 3, 1941 was annexed to Italy and established the new province of Ljubljana
and 18 of the same month you created the governorship of Dalmatia, including, in addition to that of Zara, the new provinces of Split and Kotor. The signature in
Cassibile (at Syracuse), September 3, 1943 (but later announced on 8), Italy's armistice with the Allies led to the disintegration of the Italian armed forces and not only to German occupation of these new territories appendages, but also those within the old boundaries, in particular September 10, 1943 troops occupied Germany Trieste and in the days following the other main centers of Venezia Giulia, but, unlike what would have happened in other Italian regions (with the exception of Venice Trent), where employment Germanic military would retain only a temporary and then, on 1 October following the military commander of Trieste replaced by a civilian official with the title of chief commissioner Adriatic Coast in the area of \u200b\u200boperations, which passed under the administration of the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia, Udine, Pula, Rijeka and Ljubljana, as well as the territories of
Sussak, Bakar, Conca Black Castua and Sleep.
That measure, adopted in next year-Alto Adige, showed the intention of Adolf Hitler to annex to the Reich, if Germany had won the war Italian territories that had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Hapsburg. A Zara
the German forces had entered the settebre them 943. During the period of the Germanic Trieste had the macabre distinction of being the only Italian city home to a Nazi crematorium at the former Rice Mill of San Sabba, who was also a transit prison for the Jews, anti-fascists, the partisans and the hostages in retaliation for the deportation to extermination camps in Germany.
The capitulation of Germany found the Italy of all isolated and helpless in the face to the aspirations of Tito's Yugoslavia (nom de guerre of Josep Broz) to annex, as well Dalmatia, Venezia Giulia even beyond the borders of 1866, also the Italian position was made more difficult by the fact that his Communist Party, led by Palmiro Togliatti, openly supported these aspirations.
On 1 May 1945 Tito succeeded in reaching milestones forced his troops to Trieste a day before we arrived that New Zealand under the command of gen. Freyberg, and while the latter remained indifferent spectators, the Yugoslav command, which extended the occupzione Istria and the Carnaro, immediately established a reign of terror there, inspired by hatred against the Italians.
Zara was instead occupied by Yugoslav troops on 1 November 1944. In Venezia Giulia and Dalmatia in employment policy that Tito was immediately forced to implement a rapid denationalization (today we talk about ethnic cleansing) by any means (kidnappings, deportations of entire groups, and defenseless illegal sentences, torture and killings in prisons, concentration camps and in the dolines) and with the looming threat dell'OZNA, which later became the UDBA the terrible Yugoslav secret police.
The consequence of this policy was ruthless, apart from the dead, the forced exodus of 350,000 well Istria, Fiume and Dalmatia, took refuge in other Italian regions and abroad to escape persecution organized against them.
More fortunate, however, from Trieste, where this hell lasted only 43 days.
Indeed, according to the Belgrade Agreement, signed June 9, 1945 by Tito and by Gen. Morgan, Chief of Staff Marshal Alexander, commander of allied forces on the chessboard of the Mediterranean, the area bounded by the so-called Morgan Line (which starts north of the border in 1920, went down to Punta Grossa, south of Trieste, leaving the west Bovec, Kobarid, Gorizia, Monfalcone and Sesana) passed under the occupation temporary Anglo-American, while the remainder of its territory remained under occupation provisional Yugoslav Julian, with the exception of one city of Pula, who also went under administration temporary ally, pending final decisions that were decided by the future Peace Conference. Consequently
June 12, 1945 a large festive crowd of Trieste applauded the transfer of power between the Yugoslav armed forces and the Anglo-American establishment, in Trieste, the GMA-Allied Military Government. But despite the radical change of political climate, even the Anglo-American occupation procured unnecessary and inexcusable deaths, namely the death of five innocent citizens killed by the civilian police, placed under British command, 5 and 6 November 1953, during peaceful demonstrations spontaneous population calling for the return of Italy to Trieste.
After lengthy negotiations, July 2, 1946 the four powers (UK, U.S., France and the Soviet Union) agreed on the route of the new border line between Italy and Yugoslavia and the establishment of a small buffer state between them, called TLT-Free Territory of Trieste, guaranteed by the UN Security Council, who would appoint the Governor, in agreement between the two countries.
The Paris Peace Conference welcomed these proposals, which were included in the Treaty of Peace with Italy, signed Feb. 10, 1947 and entered into force on 15 September. The new Italian border - left the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Tito a small part of Friuli, most of the Isonzo, cutting in half the city of Gorizia, most of the province of Trieste, a large part of Istria (the remainder, however, still under Yugoslav administration, would be the area Southern TLT) and all Carnaro.
Under the peace treaty ceded Italy, also, to Yugoslavia and the town of Zadar Carnaro all the islands of Dalmatia and Greece and the Dodecanese. The TLT was represented by a coastal strip from Duino, north of Trieste, Novigrad, Istria, including Trieste, Koper, Piran, Umag and Novigrad the same, it was divided by the last section of the Morgan line into two parts namely the north, known as Area A, temporarily administered by the Allied Military Government, and the south, known as Area B, temporarily administered by the Yugoslav military.
Always following the peace treaty September 12, 1947 the Anglo-American troops withdrew from Pula to give way to those of Yugoslavia and the 15th of that month, Italian troops entered Gorizia and Monfalcone after the withdrawal of those allies. Having proved impossible
an agreement between Italy and Yugoslavia on the choice of Governor of the Free Territory of Trieste, the three Western Powers believed impossible the realization of the same and therefore proposed to hand over to Italy and Zone A Zone B to Yugoslavia (which already administered) was reached only after difficult negotiations, the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding, October 5, 1954 in London by representatives of Italy, Yugoslavia, the United Kingdom and the United States, which sanctioned this proposal. Unfortunately, however, not to disturb the public and not to remove the remaining even hope to fellow residents in Zone B Zone B istrlani and exiles, the Italian government continued to officially declare the provisional transfer of the zone to Yugoslavia, while the latter considered final, and only with the Treaty of Osimo November 10, 1975 Yugoslav sovereignty on that area was formally recognized.
On October 26, 1954 all military and civilian authorities on the location of the GMA in Passau in January De Renzi, the V Corps commander, who arrived in Trieste with the first Italian soldiers, and the day following such powers passed to the prefect dr. Palamara, appointed by the President of the Commissioner-General of the Government for the Territory of Trieste.
On November 4, 1954, a sea of \u200b\u200bpeople, full of enthusiasm for the reunification of the Motherland Trieste, applauded the President Luigi Einaudi, President of the Council of Ministers Mario Scelba and Defense Minister Paolo Emilio Taviani.
With the Constitution Act, No. 31 January 1963 was approved the Statute Special Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, which was included among the regions with special status in the Constitution of the Italian Republic.
Turning now to the radio stations installed in these areas or outside them but whose transmissions were intended for the people of the same, indicate below the list in chronological order according to the dates of the respective year in revenue.
Radio Ljubljana (Ljubljana Radio), the capital of Slovenia, then part of Yugoslavia, which opened October 28, 1928 with the power of 2.5 kW, passed in 1931 to 5 kW, where the transmitter was destroyed by a German bombing on 11 April 1941 following the Italian occupation of Ljubljana EIAR auditions radio-Italian institution will establish its own new building, connected to the national radio network, with headquarters in Trieste and, with a new freight terminal transmitter, May 3, 1941 shooting the issuer's business, broadcasting programs in Italian (some of which were taken from the net and put some on the net) and in Slovenia, until 8 September 1943.
occupied by the Germanic military command, the station was reopened the next 14 with the new name of the German Armed Forces Radio in Ljubljana.
Radio Trieste , home EIAR auditions radio-Italian institution, was inaugurated on October 28, 1931 with the power of 10 kW, retained full autonomy until January 10, 1932, when it was connected to the Northern Group (consisting initially broadcasters in Milan, Turin and Genoa).
September 8, 1943 The first was occupied militarily and civilly then by the Germans, who named it Radio Adriatic coast, with the exception of national radio news, which were soon replaced by locally produced news, put it on the air at the beginning several other programs of the national network, which were then gradually reduced, while increasing those generated locally, so The station then became an important center of production;
it also spread news in German in connection with the network Germanic, which is then added other kinds of program, from February 5, 1944 News and also other sections in Slovenia and the March 6 Russian news in 1945, all generated locally. RLA
transmissions ceased April 29, 1945 and May 5 after they resumed under the occupation of Yugoslavia, during which put Trieste Radio broadcast news and various other programs in Italian and Slovenian. On June 12, 1945 the station came under the control of the Allied Military Government, which instituted the following October 20 ERTT - Trieste Teatro Radio Authority for the joint management the radio station and the local opera house, which, however, 25 March 1947 were made independent of each other, with the abolition and establishment dell'ERTT ERT - Ente Ente Teatro Radio Trieste and Trieste.
The Anglo-American management of the issuer ceased October 26, 1954, but his transition to the RAI - Italian Television was neither simple nor immediate.
In fact, the Convention in force between the State and the RAI (Radio Hearings then Italy) for granting him radioaudizione services, television broadcasting and radiography circular had not included among the stations of Radio Trieste DHLA RAI jurisdiction thereof, Why then, Unfortunately, the capital Julian did not belong to Italy, the ERT also could not immediately be deleted (it was just on 1 August 1957). Therefore, the same management
ERT continued under Italian commissioner, headed by a special commissioner appointed by the Commissioner General of the Government for the Territory of Trieste. On 30 June 1955 signed an Addendum to the said Convention between the State and the RAI for the extension of the concession for the Territory of Trieste services covered by the Convention itself, but to accelerate the return of Radio Trieste Italian radio in the organization (the Additional Act, in fact, would be made enforceable only by an Act of April 14, 1956), 20 June 1955 a convention was signed between RAI el'ERT for assignment to the first interim management services ra-diofonici Trieste with effect from 1 July 1955 and thus already that date, the Italian Television extended its jurisdiction to Trieste.
During the period of the Anglo-American Radio Trieste played a very intense activity, disseminating news (all locally prepared under the supervision of staff ally) and various other kinds of radio programs, most of which are also produced on-site, in Italian and Slovene, initially alternating throughout the day, because irradiated from the sole, original transmitter Trieste I, but by June 16, 1946, with the use of a second station transmitter, called the Trieste II, located in Udine, June 26, 1947 replaced by another power of 2 kW, placed in Trieste The station was able to broadcast simultaneously throughout the day its programs in both languages.
Newspapers were then connected to the Trieste with the national network and much rarer than those with Radio Ljubljana Trieste II, while both spread some sections of the BBC-British Broadcasting Corporation and American networks.
Radio Zara , home-body EIAR Italian Hearings Radio, started the business in Split May 5, 1941 (just as Radio Split), but soon after was transferred to Zadar, where he resumed the service on June 25 of that year with the power of 700 W, increased to 10 kW in 1942.
Given the lack of a link with the national radio network, the issuer, except for the broadcast of national news received via radio, spread locally generated categories of arts programs and recordings of complex IEE, which was equipped .
Only in the last period, the station could use a radio link between Ancona and Zadar, and it also directly transmit programs of the national network. The September 11, 1943 Radio Zadar was occupied by the Germans and remained inactive until October 13 following, when he resumed his service under control Germanic. On November 2, its transmitter was destroyed by Allied bombing and the Issuer ceases its activities.
Radio Pula , installed by the GMA, the Allied Military Government, during the short period of Anglo-American military occupation of the capital of Istria, began broadcasting August 4, 1945 and ended September 13, 1947, two days before the departure of the Allied forces and surrender the city to the Yugoslav military.
The station played an important action to inform and entertain the people in such a delicate and difficult, broadcasting in Italian and Croatian, and other news programs produced locally and some links with the BBC and U.S. networks.
Radio Rijeka (Fiume Radio), the former capital of Carnaro, former Yugoslav and now belonging to the Croatian Radio and Television, started September 16, 1945 with a negligible power, brought to 1.5 kW in 1948 and later to radiate only in limited frequency modulation.
It initially broadcast in Croatian and Italian and other news programs produced locally and in conjunction with the newspaper spread Zagreb radio the Republic of Croatia;
gradually, however, its broadcasts in Italian it is increasingly constrained.
Venezia Giulia Radio station officially illegal, but secretly and indirectly supported by the Italian government and directed with enthusiasm by a writer to convey to fellow Istrian Istria, Dalmatia and Carnaro, who were under Tito the yoke, a voice of hope, comfort and also timely and open reporting of misdeeds against them by the Yugoslav authorities, external and in the delicate period of extreme weakness of Italy international could not, of course, be left to the neutral RAI broadcasts official. The issuer
, installed in Venice, came into operation 3 December 1945 with a 5 kW transmitter and stopped the service on 1 July 1949
.
The Transmission of the Venezia Giulia RAI , who was given a task similar to the previous station, but much milder in tone and content and much less time, began on 4 novembre1946, written in Rome at the direction of the newspaper and radio transmitter radiated from Bari I, with a short newsletter with the title "The Italians of Venezia Giulia", changed January 22, 1947 in "News of the Italians Venezia Giulia and 11 July of that year for the Italians in the transmission of Venezia Giulia, because the news was also added an artistic program, and its broadcast by Bari I ended Aug. 23, 1947. The transmission resumed two days later, released by The Venice of the transmitter power of 20 kW, again with the title "News for the Italians in Venezia Giulia, June 3, 1951 changed to" Transmission for Venezia Giulia ", when it is put into was assigned to the new wave transmitter Venice III power of 5 kW (referred 30 December 1951 Venice 3), and finally in the current May 2, 1954 Time of Venezia Giulia.
On April 9, 1950 program Sunday was added to a magazine satire, staged by the RAI headquarters in Venice, from March 15, 1953 from the production center of Rome, RAI and RAI office by January 7, 1962 in Trieste, which from 1 October of that year, was eventually entrusted with preparation of newsletters and other sections speak, so since then generates all the Trieste Radio broadcast speech.
Radio Koper (Koper Radio), in the zone B of never made the Free Territory of Trieste, where he established a Yugoslav military occupation, instituted by him as an antagonist of Radio Trieste, controlled by the Allied Military Government, was inaugurated May 24, 1949 with power of 700 W, passed in 1951 to 6 kW, 20 kW to 100 kW in 1965 and in 1972, and initially passed alternately in Italian, Slovenian and Croatian (in the latter language broadcasts were abolished in 1955) ;
to allow emissions in the first two contemporary languages, from May 25, 1979 to each of them was assigned a separate transmitter system (the one for the program in the Italian power output of 300 kW and that for the program of the Slovenian power of 20 kW ). The political attitude of the Yugoslav broadcasting station, part of Radio Television Slovenia, was immediately aggressive against Italy, reporting the events related in the a biased, unfair and hostile and enhancing the social achievements of the so-called brotherhood of the allegedly Yugoslavia Slovenes and Croats with the Italians who lived there, brotherhood, of course, forced the exodus of almost all Italians in Istria, Carnaro and the Dalmatian.
subsequently improved ugoslavi-Italian relations, the tone of broadcasts of Radio Koper went gradually diminishing.
Radio Pula (Pola Radio), the former capital of Istria, an official from the Croatian Radio Elevisione, opened December 31, 1960 with a power of 2 kW, but then limited to only transmit frequency modulation, began to spread only in Croatian local programs, as well as those Republicans (now National) Zagreb, since 1968 it also began broadcasting a half-hour a day in Italian.
Radio Zadar ((Radio Zara), in the Dalmatian capital, an official from the Croatian Radio and Television, started October 23, 1968 with a small power, increased to 2 kW shortly thereafter, since 1983, also extended to the diffusion frequency modulation, but with the war with Serbia limited to that system, having been destroyed its medium-wave transmitter. The broadcaster only beginning in the Croatian language headings local, in addition to links with the network already and now the Republican National Zagreb.
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